How many scales does the model have?

21 scales and 3 outcomes, in four layers: 6 conditions, 11 processes and 4 states, then 3 outcomes.

What are the three outcomes?

Direction, alignment and commitment; viability, whether the team can keep working well together; and member growth. Members rate them themselves, so they carry no evidence rating.

Has the questionnaire been tested in a study?

Not yet. It is research-based, not yet validated, and every score says so.

Research

The research behind the model

LeaderPact reads a leadership team in four layers: the conditions it works in, how it works, the states that follow, and what it achieves. That makes 21 scales and 3 outcomes, and every scale shows how strong its evidence is.

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Where does the model come from?

It builds on research on management teams by Henning Bang and colleagues at the University of Oslo. It is checked against the wider evidence on team effectiveness. That includes the conditions Hackman and Wageman describe, Edmondson's work on psychological safety, and the meta-analyses on conflict and trust.

The articles explain the main findings with their sources, starting with what makes a leadership team effective.

Why four layers?

Conditions come first: purpose, team tasks and membership set what a team can achieve. Processes come next: how the team prepares, meets, talks and decides. States such as trust and psychological safety grow out of both. The outcomes say whether it all adds up.

So a low score on a process is read against the conditions behind it. Better meeting habits will not fix a team that has no shared tasks.

How does the evidence rating change what you see?

Evidence rating	What the guidance does
Strong	Gives direct guidance.
Moderate	Words its guidance as likely to help.
Mixed or weak	Describes what it sees, with no flag.
Not yet rated	Is treated as moderate.

Some scales are read differently. Two describe facts and carry no target: size and membership, and composition. Relationship conflict and political behaviour are better when lower. Task conflict is always read together with relationship conflict.

What does a result show?

Every scale shows its level, the mean to one decimal, and how much members agree, as a label: high, medium, or views differ. It also shows one standing, such as strength or priority. Low agreement changes the message from improve this to your views differ on this.

A result never shows the lowest, highest or median answer, a spread, or a mark per member. With four to fifteen answers, each of these can point to one person.

Research-based, not yet validated

The questions were written for leadership teams and draw on published research. They have not yet been through a validation study, and the cut-offs between standings are provisional until a pilot sets them. Every score says so.

21 scales and 3 outcomes

Conditions · 6 scalesHow the team is set up: purpose, tasks, people and support.
Scale	How it is read	Evidence
Clear purpose	Higher is better	Strong
Team tasks	Higher is better	Moderate
Size and membership	A fact, no target	Mixed
Composition	A fact, no target	Mixed
Rewards	Higher is better	Moderate
Information and support	Higher is better	Moderate

Processes · 11 scalesHow the team works, in and between meetings.
Scale	How it is read	Evidence
Preparation	Higher is better	Not yet rated
Meeting goals	Higher is better	Moderate
Focus	Higher is better	Moderate
Dialogue	Higher is better	Moderate
Task conflict	Read with relationship conflict	Moderate
Relationship conflict	Lower is better	Strong
Political behaviour	Lower is better	Moderate
Behavioural integration	Higher is better	Strong
External relations	Higher is better	Not yet rated
Learning	Higher is better	Moderate
Team leadership	Higher is better	Strong

States · 4 scalesHow it feels to be part of the team.
Scale	How it is read	Evidence
Psychological safety	Higher is better	Strong
Trust	Higher is better	Strong
Cohesion	Higher is better	Strong
Norms	Higher is better	Not yet rated

Outcomes · 3What the team achieves together. Members rate these themselves.
Scale	How it is read	Evidence
Direction, alignment and commitment	Higher is better	Self-rated
Viability	Higher is better	Self-rated
Member growth	Higher is better	Self-rated

Questions and answers

How many scales does the model have?: 21 scales and 3 outcomes, in four layers: 6 conditions, 11 processes and 4 states, then 3 outcomes.
What are the three outcomes?: Direction, alignment and commitment; viability, whether the team can keep working well together; and member growth. Members rate them themselves, so they carry no evidence rating.
Has the questionnaire been tested in a study?: Not yet. It is research-based, not yet validated, and every score says so.